Wednesday 30 October 2013

Roles of teachers and learners


Role of teachers:                       

           What does a teacher do?’ The obvious and simple
response is ‘a teacher teaches’, but what do we mean by
this? What does teaching involve? The answer to this is
bound up with the idea of how people learn.As we saw in
the previous chapter, there is not a one to one
relationship between teaching and learning. Although
teachers can tell learners about language – tell them what
words mean, give grammar rules and so on – this does
not seem to lead automatically to learners being able to
use the language that they are ‘given’. Learners may learn
things from the teacher, or from each other, or from
watching a film, or hearing a song, reading something, or
perhaps by reflecting on things that they have been
‘taught’ in previous lessons. Sometimes learners will seem
to make quite rapid progress, and at other times progress
will be slow. Sometimes learners will need a significant
amount of time (days, weeks, or months) before
something they have been ‘taught’ really makes sense to
them and they feel able to use it. Although teachers try to
make teaching an orderly and organised business,
learning remains apparently chaotic. Teachers of
languages have to accept this and set about helping
people to learn at their own pace and in their own ways.

We will look at some of the roles teachers adopt to try to
facilitate learning. Although teaching strategies may vary
according to the subject matter, the group being taught
and so on, we can see certain patterns emerging in all
teaching, and quite clear patterns when we look at teaching.
Try to picture a lesson that you have experienced, if
possible as a language learner (or teacher) but if that is
not possible, think of any lesson. Think in as much detail
as possible. Write down as many actions that the teacher
performed as you can. For example, the teacher gave information.
When you are ready, compare your list to the one below,
which has been based on a language lesson. (Don’t worry
about the numbered left hand column for the moment.)

                       
Teacher must provide instructions and encouragement. At the same time he has to be aware of students's perspectives and understanding.

The teacher must speak in target language and students must be provided with guidance and material. 
If students are speaking in their own language, teacher should force them to speak in target language.
Conversations  should be there. Grammar patterns ought to be there.

he importance to teaching of some of the roles
introduced in the previous section may seem
immediately more obvious than others. In this section we
will look in a little more detail at what each role involves
and why it is important.
Most institutions will have their own administrative
procedures that teachers will be expected to follow. These
may include preparing reports on students, keeping
records of what has been taught, and preparing a plan of
a sequence of lessons to be taught. Teachers may well be
expected to assess their students by administering a test or
tests at some point either during, or at the end of, a course.
However, unlike the other roles, these two functions are
removed from day to day contact with students. It is these
day to day activities that we will now look at more closely.

Different roles of learners

The learners' task in the teaching and learning equation is
to construct the system of the target language. They have
to find out and remember how words are joined together
and what they mean, how grammar patterns fit together,
as well as how phonological features such as stress and
intonation are used. The system the learner constructs
can only emerge gradually – parts may come from direct,
conscious learning of new bits of language, and other
parts may be subconsciously picked up from exposure to
the target language.

The ways in which learners undertake this daunting task
will vary according to the learning styles each individual
prefers, their previous learning experience, their own
perceived needs and so on. However, just as we were able
to analyse roles of the teacher, so we can analyse certain
roles that learners will fulfil. Again as with the roles of the
teacher, the list is not exhaustive and there is some
overlap between them.
Help from the teacher to learner:
The responsibility of fulfilling these roles is shared
between the teacher and student. In this section we will
look at what teachers can do to help students fulfil their
roles successfully.
To help learners to fulfil the role of participant the
teacher could 
● invite students to respond (see role of prompter)
● provide group and pair work (see role of provider of
input)
● value contributions made by praising and responding
appropriately (see role of listener)
● respect when students do/do not want to speak and
reflect on why this may be the case.



Different roles of learners
Participant
By participating fully in the lesson students gain practice. They
can ‘test out’ how they think the language works in a nonthreatening environment and may benefit from feedback from
the teacher on their efforts. Practice in using language and
exposure to it seem to be important elements in the learning
process. However, teachers should be aware that some learners
may feel uncomfortable about joining in in certain situations, and
some people may prefer to remain relatively quiet and observe
others. Many people may learn very effectively in this way, and
so learners need the opportunity to participate, but not
necessarily be forced to.
Discoverer
This is strongly linked to the teacher’s role of language guide. By
taking the opportunities to work out patterns and rules for
themselves, learners can benefit in the ways described in that
section.
Questioner
This is linked to the above role. By asking questions learners can
take responsibility for their own learning to some extent. They
can set the agenda of what gets taught, rather than simply being
the passive recipient of what the teacher presents. They can also
tap into and benefit from the teacher’s expertise. 
Recorder of information
When we have to remember something important most of us
write it down. This means that we can refer back to the
information. Learners need to record new words and phrases,
new bits of grammar and so on, to help them remember what
they learn. They can also make these records outside the
classroom when they study independently.


Critique on '' Black skin White Masks''

                         
                      Because of Fanon's  schooling and cultural background, the young Fanon conceived of himself as French, and the disorientation he felt after his initial encounter with French racism shaped his psychological theories about race and culture. 1945 letter to brother: "I made a mistake. Nothing can justify my sudden decision to defend the interests of the French peasant when he himself does not give a damn." During this period in Lyon, a disheartened Fanon began what he believed to be his thesis (originally called "Essay for the Dis-alienation of the Black"), which instead became Black Skin, White Masks.

                              There is a fact: White men consider themselves superior to black men. There is another fact: Black men want to prove to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect…. For the black man there is only one destiny. And it is white... The psychoanalysts say that nothing is more traumatizing for the young child than his encounters with what is rational. It's a sociological study of psychology of racism. 

                            The unity which will come eventually, bringing all oppressed peoples together in the same struggle, must be preceded in the colonies by what I shall call the moment of separation or negativity: this anti-racist racism is the only road that will lead to the abolition of racial differences. 

Fanon’s response is direct: “Jean-Paul Sartre, in this work, has destroyed black zeal. … I needed not to know. This struggle, this new decline had to take on an aspect of completeness.”4 Sartre’s declaring an end to racialism undermines the power of experiencing blackness positively; rendering it as a temporary move on the way to universal humanism makes it almost powerless. The racialists read Fanon’s final chapter as such an abrupt move that it cannot be read as undermining the force and significance of the entirety of the text. As Gines explains, Fanon’s apparent move away from race consciousness is only a move away from the past in order to bring about a new and different future; it does not require the elimination of race consciousness or a move to a universal notion of humanity. She says:

[H]e seems to deny the existence of the Negro and the white man when he states, "The Negro is not. No more than the white man" (BSWM, 231). But Fanon does not require the Negro (or the white man) to reject race consciousness. Rather, he requires that they both "turn their backs on the inhuman voices ... of their respective ancestors in order that authentic communication be possible" 

The anti-racialists read Fanon’s response to Sartre a little differently from the racialists as well. For example, Kruks claims that “Fanon’s objection is not that Sartre is in error in asserting that négritude is a transitional movement. Sartre’s mistake, in fact, is to have told the truth!”11 Fanon can acknowledge that the movement is transitional; what else could it be? However, making the transition is better and more possible if one imagines it to be not a transition but a legitimate way of being forever. Knowing it is only a transition “destroy[s] its vitality”12 by making it less an end, more a means to another end. One’s race matters, but once realized can then be left behind and one can be reasonable and simply human again. Interestingly, Kruks goes on to explain that Fanon works out a much more complicated notion of identity in his later works, but she is clear that Black Skin, White Masks takes a terrible turn toward a universal humanism. Furthermore, she says that it is this kind of mistake that undermines the positive contributions a politics of recognition or identity can still make. Even when not referencing Fanon specifically, these are two positions that set themselves as opposite one another—one is either for retaining race consciousness or for working toward its abolition, even if that occurs by making it well known in the present. And, these two positions are understood as contradictory as well as the only two options available. We find ourselves impaled on the horns of a sharp dilemma. One horn is held up by the like of Gines and Lucius Outlaw; the other horn would represent positions of Anthony Appiah and David Roediger, to name just a few. But, like most dilemmas, giving us only these two choices is misleading, and the fight between these two sides will not be resolved. One should not read Fanon to figure out what it will or even can mean to be “raced” in the future. Fanon exposes injustice by writing about experience and by projecting a future shared community of hope and freedom without clear indication of the role our group identities might play. If freedom is about being able to be actional, being able to make meaning in the world, then whether or not we will be raced is not as important a question as what race is about now. 

Fanon’s response to Sartre is evidence neither of Fanon’s racialism nor his universalism. Fanon says, “a consciousness committed to experience is ignorant, has to be ignorant, of the essences and the determinations of it being. … Sartre’s mistake was not only to seek the source of the [experience of being black] but in a certain sense to block that source.”14 This is not a call to some permanent racial consciousness; rather, it calls for a commitment to the experiences of living in the world, which is at present quite raced. When Fanon ponders “One day, perhaps, in the depths of that unhappy romanticism …”15 the ellipsis does not clearly point to a realization of Sartre’s accuracy. When he states that Sartre “shattered my last illusion,”16 Fanon is not admitting that authentic race consciousness is an illusion in such a way as to require the giving up of the illusion of race. Fanon is insisting we live in the present with indeterminate hopes for the future, i.e., he is demanding that we not look to some end and assume we know what is to come.

          What is is what is to come. As Fanon says, we are indeed a part of being to the degree that we go beyond it. Being, as the possibility of (comm)unity, becomes the form of the ideal. Moreover, precisely because it cannot be given and does not function as the a priori, being is therefore an ethical ideal—it is the ideal of a community that is yet to exist and yet ought to exist, as the fulfillment of transcendence within immanence. … The ethics of community is therefore the inverse of the repression of difference.


Weate is explaining that as Fanon turns away from the past, toward the future, at the end of Black Skin, White Masks he is attempting to fulfill an ethics of community that respects plurality and difference while simultaneously including everyone equally. Kruks makes a similar point: “the affirmation of identity can be liberating only in the context of a struggle to transform wider material and institutional forms of oppression.” Even Posnock recognizes Fanon’s efforts to work outside these dilemmas and dichotomies when he tells us that Fanon “destabilizes the identity logic of us/them, identity/difference, inside/outside, native/stranger.” He continues, Fanon’s life “eludes these binaries.” One wonders why, if Posnock sees this, he still forcefully insists that universal humanism, not identity politics, is the main thrust of Fanon’s work. Posnock seems stuck in the either/or binary that he recognizes Fanon will not entertain. Posnock needs to either argue for or against racial categorizations, but he has not learned, not even from Fanon, that this is a fight we should not engage.

 A cursory review of the Oxford English Dictionary’s twenty-nine definitions of the noun “race”24 that relate to groups categorized by descent or common features reveals that race could refer to all humans, “the human race,” to one family, to one species, to a tribe, to a band of tribes which make up an ethnicity, to one class, and many more. The birth of scientific racism did, somewhat successfully, reduce the meanings of “race” to only a few possibilities all centering on inherited biological characteristics separating our subspecies of humans, which supposedly also explained moral and cultural characteristics. It is the attempt to explain those moral and cultural characteristics, especially insofar as they are ordered in decreasing value, that leads us to want to eliminate racial categories altogether. But “race” can have many meanings, not all of which involve notions of superiority and inferiority and result in invidious racism. Insofar as all categorizations are in some sense arbitrary,25 some physical and cultural differences can be quite relevant in certain situations. To demand now that we can no longer use these categories could do a serious disservice to many people.There is value to studying biological differences between people that we take to be from different races. First, there’s the medical significance of race, i.e., different diseases and treatments correlate with different races. 


The concept of the social constructivity of race is of no value without a prior understanding of what is involved in the construction of any phenomena.”
What we learn from an existential phenomenological method, such as Fanon’s, is that to be (a free) human is to create and bestow meaning on the world, and this is done intersubjectively.
So, essentially, everything is a social construct. Biology, as an organized investigation of living things, is itself a social construct. Kruks, defending existential phenomenology, shows that this is fundamental to phenomenology.
Beauvoir argues that none of these [biology, psychoanalysis, and class] is a destiny in the sense of possessing natural causality or inevitable determination. Rather, it is through custom, “this second nature,” that the “facts” of biology come to play such a dominant role in woman’s situation. Merleau-Ponty too would say that biology acquires its significance only in culture.
But how does society construct something? Through its members. Still, we do not and cannot give just anything any meaning we want. Rather, we are limited by many things, not the least of which are the sedimented and habituated meanings we inherit (in every sense of the word). Institutions, even though made up of individuals, do take on certain powers of perpetuating concepts and practices even when we consciously work to change them. So, we must turn to phenomenological analysis whereby we first attempt to bracket our prejudices and analyze the phenomena directly. To demand that race come to mean this or that, or nothing at all, is to add a prejudice to our analysis, not to bracket prejudices. Gordon again:
one can talk about the world in meaningful ways without committing oneself to the thesis that the world “must” continue to be as it is presently conceived. Whether it “must continue to be” as presently conceived is not relevant to its description. What is important is that it is presently conceived in such-and-such a way and that the conception itself can be communicated reflectively both to oneself and to others.


Fanon challenges us to establish a goal of creating a new humanity. Much work has gone into discussing what role notions of race will play in that new humanity; however, more work needs to go into marking out phenomenology as the path to this new humanity. Fanon’s sociogenic principle demands we look to the social world, the world of meaning and creativity, to find the freedom we so desire and deserve. We must make sense of the past while remaining open to ever new and ever more possibilities for the future. Freedom is being actional, living in the social world as a creator and bestower of meaning. Unfreedom is the failure (often by force) to be actional; deciding ahead what, if anything, “race” will mean only limits our freedom. Race may come to mean something altogether different; it has changed much over the past three hundred years. It may come to mean nothing at all. We need to work together to challenge racist enemies instead of fighting with each other about how best to battle racism. Right now we need to form coalitions that demand affirmation and recognition in the present as well as material and institutional changes. 

             Fanon's conclusion has become famous among post-colonial thinkers, perhaps because of its marked pointillism, perhaps by virtue of its simplicity of prose, its breathable anger, its shock of speakability. It is here where I will end.
No attempt must be made to encase man, for it is his destiny to be free.
I am my own foundation.
The disaster of the man of color lies in the fact that he was enslaved.
The disaster and the inhumanity of the white man lie in the fact that somewhere he has killed man.
I, the man of color, what only this:
That the enslavement of man by man cease forever. That is be possible for me to discover and to love man, wherever he may be.
Superiority? Inferiority?
Why not the quite simple attempt to touch the other, to feel the other, to explain the other to myself.
At the conclusion of this study, I want the world to recognize, with me, the open door of every consciousness.
My final prayer:
O my body, make of me always a man who questions! 

Monday 28 October 2013

Themes in ''Waiting for Godot'' .


Waiting for Godot : Themes
‘Waiting for Godot’ falls under the category of ‘Absurd Theatre’. Meaninglessness and nothingness are major characteristics of this play. Two characters though different from each other look same from nature prospective. They are unable to act, occupied with too many thoughts to act, to survive, to find a proper outlet but their actions show that life is nothing and purposeless. Human existence is nothing. They wait for almighty, Godot. But he never arrives. At some extent it gives message of being dutiful in life. It we go on performing, god will be there to help us but instead of performing anything if we want our wish to be fulfilled by god, then it does not make any sense. There are many themes for taking them into considerations which give not absurd, instead lifelike picture of life.
            Waiting for Godot: Them of determination :
The characters Estragon and Vladimir fail to discern that what they have chosen is ‘waiting’ and it is their determination or choice. Instead, they both consider ‘waiting as one of their mandatory part so here perhaps Backett gives moral in form of satire on human beings. The fact is that human beings are ultimately waiting for others to come to fulfill their desires or perfect time to come to bring hope of meaning but here ‘waiting’ become primary activity of both tramps’ lives and it suggests nothing but meaninglessness. When they make aware or their meaningless decision, they can’t follow or translate their mental choice into physical act and they find themselves in cage. It suggests   repetition of endless cycle of life          
       The characters arouse questions why don’t both tramps act when they have already decided to move and what is the barrier between determination?  Is the choice their primary choice or determination to live life? It creates picture of mankind’s futile life. They go on deciding and waiting too for each and every  thing in their lives but what they lack is their self realization, to put the things which have been thought into activity or physical action.
                                                  Absurd :
Waiting for Godot is a classic example of “Theatre of the Absurd. It presents the world where actions are done without meaning. People have lack of communication and they fail to communicate, characters go on forgetting. They do not have purpose of their existences. Even when they realize, they fail to act and they realize, they fail to act and they can’t commit suicide also. It suggests that human beings in life are really meaningless. They are supposed to survive.
With the characters of Estragon and Vladimir, Backett resembles reality with which we are not familiar. He indicates level of absurdity in the real world tramps themselves do not recognize that their actions are absurd so it reflects human condition because somewhere we do not know or we generally are not knowing what we do or why or what is our purpose Is everything normal in the play ?

                           Theme of Truth :
There is a lack of truth in the play. It consists of uncertainty because characters’ activities are not meaningful. When they decide to move, or to wait or to commit suicide, they are uncertain of up-coming circumstances and consequences. Without the presence of truth and purpose, everything will be led to question ‘why’.
Estragon    :        Let’s go.
Vladimir    :        Let’s go.
(both don’t move)
When there is the debate between Estragon and Vladimir whether to commit suicide or not, Estragon seems to be concluding in ACT I.
“Don’t let’s do anything. It’s safer!  So one question arises ‘Is doing nothing is safer? They choose not to choose. But what will be results of not choosing to choose? It shows nothing but absurdity.

    Theme of absurdity in life or reality, Conflict between Reality in absurdity or absurdity in reality. Existence and consciousness.
The life which has been shown in ‘waiting’ for Godot has something to do with reality? Pozzo says that life has no meaning and it is transient. Everything goes on changing, breaking within course of time. We can find that Pozzo is a master and lucky is slave but in another act, Pozzo is blind and is led by lucky. It was the time when lucky used to be insulted, abused and made source of entertainment but now Pozzo scolds tramps for teasing lucky and he understands his value. Pozzo needs lucky in each and every movement. Vladimir tells that life is nothing because we made it occupied with habit and deadened. At the end of the play Vladimir wonders whether he is awake or not. He realizes that there is lack of purpose in their lives. The play not only indicates gloomy, surreal note on desert  street but at the same time it includes life, consciousness of the characters and Existence.

                                     Time :
Time has dominated every individual’s life. It has ability to make people forget everything and lead them to self motivation or to do something else, but it has also ability to destroy everything if time has not been completed within, specific time. Time presents problems in ‘waiting for Godot’. The title of the play reveals its central action, and it is waiting. The two man are trapped into cage of time and they want to decrease their days while anticipating the almighty. But he does not come. They have nothing to do and time is barrier. Time testes their ability to endure. Characters repeat same actions every day and time is cyclical. Estragon ., Throughout the play Estragon  goes on forgetting everything and Vladimir goes on making him remember about his faulty memory. Time loses its meaning and dominance because the character’s actions of one day have no relevance or certainty on the next.
Characters go on forgetting past.
                               Theme of Religion :
‘Religion is incompatible, against reason in waiting for Godot. As characters waiting for Godot. It shows their blind faith in God without performing anything. They understand Region logically also and are left in dark characters absurd banalities as switching bowler hats or taking a boot on and off. There is uncertainty and no way of knowing what is true in the  remain of faith. Many questions arise. Should we consider religion as religion without presence of rationality or we should reject religion if there is no reason. If Godot is representation of Godot, does he appear or why doesn’t he arrive ? If he arrives what good result it will bring to Estragon and Vladimir.

                                  Theme of unity and companionship :
We can’t find friendship or unity as whole instead it seems to be disturbing, creating conflict. Each character is isolated from every other. There is loneliness and inability to connect with one another. The problems that keep characters apart from physical disgust to ego is to fear of loneliness. We can’t get clear cut idea who are estragon and valdimir?  Friends? Companions? Acquaintances?  Whether they can live without each  other ?

          Freedom and restriction / Confinement :
Characters live in prison of their own making. They are passive at some extent and dependent on each other. The characters like estragon who forgets everything and Vladimir has to make him remember everything. Lucky,  who is insulted by Pozzo. They are slave of another. The characters who are the slave are no more restricted than those who are free in fact , who are slaves  are free more because they are aware of his imprisonment. It’s difficult to think who is slave or who has freedom more Vladimir or Estragon.

                            Theme of Suffering :
Suffering is Fundamental part of human existence. Every character goes on suffering. It is not about physical suffering that Estragon has but mental too. It makes others to abuse their comparisons and to self isolation. Watching other people suffer is an  anguish on its own. Estragon and Vladimir have never been happy continuously suffering. Characters don’t seem to learn or to discern anything from learning it.

                                 Mortality :
Death is inevitable characters are aware of it. Death becomes solution for futility of daily life. Character contemplate suicide because for them living a life is like walk on fire and purposeless. When they commit suicide, they claim that they don’t have means but they are uncertain of the result. It will work or not. They can’t sure what their action will bring. They decide on no action at all. Character’s decision to kill themselves shows thane of mortality.
Pozzo points out that life has death and it is inevitable, ever impending then why do we live our lives with sense of purpose ? It shows every thing is mortal transient.

                                         Hope :
Estragon and Vladimir are tramps. The way they put on clothes, possession of waiting and then hoping that he will give them solution. It shows they have hope. They have not given up on life; They do not descend into depression or pessimism. They exchange insults enjoy each other’s company, help each other. They wait also. They wait for Godot but don’t know who he is or from where he will come. They wait just the same. It shows hope.



                      Journey for Meaning :
Vladimir and Estragon are homeless. They attempt to find answer to a question about human race and how they face while living life. Their straggle includes question. What is the meaning of their life or suffering ? Godot may come and will give them answer. They wait. Godot fails to appear on the first day, they return to the tree next day to continue waiting. He does not come. Vladimir and Estragon decide to leave the area. The stage direction at the end of the play says, “they don’t mole”. They continue to search for the meaning.

                               Dependency  :
Vladimir and Estragon depend on each other to survive. They value each other company. In first act Pozzo was master but in the second act. He has  gone blind. He is not able to find anything without the help of lucky. Lucky is tied to Pozzo by hope by fear of being abandoned.

                              Harmony of Life  :
Life is tedious for Vladimir and Estragon. In the first act of the play, they meet at a tree to wait for Godot. In the second act, they meet at the same tree to wait for Godot.
Irish critic Vivian mercer wrote in a review of the play, “Noting happens, twice”.
The play shows human condition and absurdity in “life-like” life. As tramps hope for Godot to come. It means they want outlet and they want their life to be fulfilled with activity so at some extent, it also becomes suggestive of “ life-like”  nature and exploration for meaning about one’s very existence.
“Life is meant to be learnt, not to be taught. It is meant to be explored or discerned”.

Wednesday 23 October 2013



                                            Subjective Characteristics of Robert Frost's Poems


Abstract:

Robert Frost- As a poet  
          
 Robert Frost is one of  the  greatest  American  poets . Robert Frost's poetry was a "source of inspiration to no less a person than Jawaharlal Nehru, the ideal of the people. After his death, there could be found a piece of paper containing four lines. The lines from Robert Frost's poem” stopping by woods on a snowy evening” : "The woods are lovely dark deep But I have promises' to keep, And miles to go before I sleep And miles to go before I sleep.”   There lines have been written as an inspiration to one of the greatest men of India.. It reminds of him and his service of humanity and people to whom he had dedicated himself. It shows Robert frost is a poet of human nature, humanity human characteristics. Here one question arises: 

   Why does Robert Frost write about nature?    
       
 Robert Frost writes about nature as a way of communicating more abstract ideas and psychological concepts. He takes something from nature and makes it similar to something which people feel or think. He does not really write about nature but he writes about people.  Frost's use of Nature is the most misunderstood element of his poetry. He said over and over," I am not a nature poet. There is always almost a person in my Poems".  L.F. Lynen:  Forst’s poetry is free from conventional and artificial elements". He has always been keen in capturing the simplicity and naturalness. One must  work  and,  one must perform one's duty. One must keep one's promises. Real happiness can be found there. He does not write about a superior plan.  He doesn’t write about person who is above and beyond all but as one who shares the life of the music and  real picture of  life. It shows his way of   looking at things. His rustic sensibility enables him not only to portray rustic life as it really itself but also contrasts it with urban life or beyond it, the complexity of city life.

Key Words: Human Nature, Symbolism, Realism, Contradiction, Patriotism, Hostility, Morality, Complexity 
                    and Truth, Mystery. 

  His poem 'Mending Wall'. It's a dramatic monologue. The speaker is a young man, the poet himself. The lyric is an expression of his views and attitudes. The other character is poet's neighbor, an old farmer. He does not speak of anything but we come to know about his attitudes and conservation or orthodoxy. The neighbor   seems to have faith in "Good Fences make good neighbors". The speaker is of the opposite opinion. As he says, "There where it is we do not need the wall: He is all pine and I am apple orchard". The neighbor's adherence to his Father's saying suggests the narrowness and ignorance that there is a vast difference between both  and  their  working.  The speaker says  he is pine and another is apple orchard. There is no need of wall. This concept shows rustic life, conservative nature through modern nature of speaker and narrow nature of neighbor. They are different from each other.                                    Complexity between two points of views:           
 Mending wall indicates a clash between two points of view. It is a conflict. It makes us think of them and which of these two is right (1) Should man remove, or  tear down the barriers which isolate individuals from one another?  (2) Should distinctions and limits be necessary for human life?  It's complexity of meaning and Freud does not provide   any answer.His purpose:  Frost's purpose is not to convey a message or give lesion of human nature or relations. The poem offers attitude of speaker, Thoughts create conflict and complexity of meaning. Frost wants his readers to explore different and paradoxical issues. It depicts an incident from rural life. The poem “Mending wall”   becomes a  proof of Frost's nature which includes complexity of conveying meaning and contracts between rural and city life. It indicates rural nature man, its complexity through the conflict of two. opposed points of view. It  indicates  Frost's universal look  towards the world and it  maintains  unnecessary thing and burden which is not worth at all or to attempt to tear it down." It's question of a defiance or nature's attempt to tear down it.            It too gives a view of "natural nature" or human nature. When there is a kind of unnecessary or the things which are not worth happening or worth keeping, they ought to be removed, proved out. Nature, environment is too like this. It removes boundaries between the two things. It destroys if there should not be any boundary.                                          Logic in contradiction :This contradiction is logical opposite statements are uttered by two different types of people and both are right from their own points of view. Man cannot live without walls, boundaries, limits and self limitation. "THERE SHOULD BE SOME LIMITATIONS". But the speaker is happy at the downfall of any barrier. Boundary line is useless. "There where it is we do not need the wall. He is all pine and I am apple orchard. My apple trees will never get across. and eat the cones under his pines I tell him."
                                                  Symbolism :In mending wall, The wall has been taken to symbolize all kinds of man-made barriers. The wall suggests divisions between nations, classes, economic, costs, racism and two different things that are different from each other. It can be symbolized as the clash of two forces. one is the spirit of revolt and the second is restraint. One challenges tradition and the second insists that conventions must be built up or rebuilt as matter of principle. [Lynen]
                                           Complexity of Truth :One makes us surrender to the natural forces which draw human beings together and separates them. One is young, progressive and other 15 old, conservative style of Frost's poem is colloquial and dramatic.
                                      Nature : Local and Regional :Forest is a great lover of nature, He loves it. Region that lies to the north of Boston, it forms the background of his poetry. Hills, dales, rivers, forests, trees, flowers plants animals, insects, birds, seasonal changes of this particular region. Which have been described in one poem after another. It depicts his characteristic of accuracy and minuteness. Poems of frost have been written at different periods of his life. It involves his minuteness of observation of natural objects.  In  “Stopping  by  woods on snowy evening”  it is proved.. The woods are so lovely, dark and deep  but the speaker has promises to keep and miles to go before he sleeps. It has been written so minutely  with an inspiration to one of the greatest men of India. It reminds of his service of humanity. At first extent it seems.
                            Natural world with human beings :He thinks deeply, grazes into soft, silent, whiteness, He is tempted, prevented from going, to stay there. It allows his mind to lose itself there in the charming woods. His consciousness seems to be freeing itself from his common, ordinary life. But he remembers his journey has a purpose. The time is not to release from worriers which the woods seem to be offering woods are natural objects which also indicate something. It is frost's nature characteristic which bring in minuteness of natural which brings in minuteness of natural object. It is a conflict between the demands of practical life, and escape from the place into a land. Where consciousness is deemed and senses are made free rather independent of necessity. It shows simple realistic way. The poet will have to fulfill certain duties before he go to sleep. 'promises', 'sleep',  ' show important aspects of his life, every men's life. sleep can be symbolized as end of day's work. but if we go beyond this meaning, it is the idea of the final sleep death itself. The idea of final death stands in contrast to snowy woods. Final death is an indication, suggestive of genuine ending, That man has kept whole journey through human experience but snowy woods attracts the speaker to hold on for a while to keep his consciousness away from some time when the speaker to be conscious and awake that he has to keep promises, and a lot to be done but woods temptation is to irresponsible indulgence is to an irresponsible indulgence ending in the loss of consciousness.As a lyric poet frost's symbolism is  important and he describes his minute observation. It is natural symbolism.  "Sleep" and  "darkness" suggest death and the woods suggest dangerous  enchantment. It attracts us but  does not provide us with "completeness" of life. The woods, poet enjoys looking upon are against those  promises he must keep. They lead poet to a kind of responsibility. Poet will only allow himself to sleep when duties are done. Sleep becomes a deserved reward of fulfillment of all duty performance in contrast to pleasure of looking at the woods. It is  “human  music “  that  goes on  with  woods .   It is music of typical human situation. It is an  insistent  wisper of death at heart of life. Man is lures us away to nature, Friendly - known voices call us back and reminds you of your remaining duties/things which are to be completed. It reminds you of your belongingness.                                             Mystery of  Nature :The woods are awesome but there is something mysterious about confusing - like nature of woods and forests. Just due to nature and its beauty, the speaker flirts with the idea of braking promises. The feeling of being far away from where we need to be is common and we have that knowledge too. It is nature that reminds you of it.
                                             Too much symbolism :Conflict is between an attraction towards woods and remembrance of responsibility outside of the woods. Woods are symbolized for wilderness, irresponsibility, But woods are someone's woods in particular - the owner lives in the village. Woods are not wild. Woods lie between the village - right side. "Society", "Duty", "Responsibility". Woods can be symbolized as seductive, lovely, attractive, dark, deep, beautiful. Snow falls can be symbolized as a  loss  of one's path.  It allows to   give up.It also can be seen as the temptation and watch beauty while responsibilities are forgotten. Woods   are bare because of winter and give sad message woods become symbol of life. The horsebell brings the speaker back into reality. He has to decide between temptation or responsibility. Human beings have ups and downs in their lives and many are tempted to end their lives to give up goals, or duties when they see pleasures outside of their extent and get attracted towards them but then realization comes like responsibilities of certain things. The speaker does not let himself lead towards temptation. He gets back to his duties, though the beauty of Nature.
                                             Frost's Realism :W.H. Auden says, Frost does not idealize or romanticize nature. He gives truth about her. His objects like woods. Mending wall are concerned with realism. The way people behave in the day to day life. It is a process of gaining livelihood. He is not like Wordsworth,  who has had a vision in youth, who had  spent  the rest of his life in interpretations.  He is  aware  of life. Man causes destruction through  blood,  war but he is capable of heroism. Nature is disordered, re-established with the help of human deeds. humans’  efforts can turn nature into a paradise.Frost writes about natural personal experience of those activities which he himself has observed in nature. Woods are dark but their beauty cannot detain the poet for long as he has promises to keep. Sweetest dream will not come unless labor, true performance for the sake of duty is not given". Fact, reality, is never absent from Frost's Nature poetry. He is not concerned with nature as such but he is concerned with common human activities that go on   in her lap.
                      Style of writing  :  (1)  Natural, (2) Practical (3)  OrdinaryIn Frost's poem we can find neutrality practicality and abnormality two. In "Home Burial" naturality is proved though the character of the mother whose burden of grief over the death other hand, his husband seems to be very practical who wants his wife to get rid of that grief. The reason is only the shadow of her child who is dead now and it brings both of them; husband and wife in complicit. It is dramatic dialogue which shows Frost's style of naturality. The couple is caught in spiritual crises.Grief stricken mother cannot forget that her husband himself dug the grave of their own child in their little graveyard and himself buried him there. So here from a mother's perspective it seems impossible and makes us question, how can  a father buried his own child in his own little graveyard. She considers her husband's attitude as his insensitive nature, callousness indifferent and brutal. Frosts has shows many characteristics of an individual and gives a natural universal picture. This thinking makes her alienated from her husband and leads her to mental break-down. He is a simple man but confused by excessiveness of her sorrow."I do think, though, you over do it a little what, was it brought you up to think it"Husband wants his wife to consider him capable enough to console her. There is no contact, communication remaining between them. His attitude is practical. For him life can not complete itself but it goes on in spite of grief. Grief overwhelms the sense of life. Grief can be submerged beneath the everyday existence of life. She is horrified at her husband's practical attitude or behavior. When she threatens to leave him and he shouts he will not let her go, and it is not real resolution of their relationship. In actuality, wife lacks. The courage to run away but she can't. She want to get away from situation but her naturality, woman universal characteristic does not allow her to get away. Husband lacks that words, understanding to convince his wife and lacks perceptiveness. They are trapped by their own limitations. They are right from their own perspective. We can't consider any one of them wrong.The poem lies in the psychological change in nature of the emotionally excited wife. She is made to talk express her grief helps her understand its reality. She imagines that she must give over. her life to her sorrow for the child's death. She seems to have accepted this death with his callousness. She does not seem to be understanding her husband's practical approach the life that how he could have burred their child himself. She is horrified. She thinks that he should we come into the kitchen with his boots muddy from the earth of the grave. She has cut herself off from him.  There is exchange of harsh words and the feeling of hatred between them. As her husband forces her to talk of the things and express her grief. It results from the pain that she discerns, explorer of human nature and it is too limited and it cannot sacrifice everything to sorrow. She seems to be telling by her attitude that she will not compromise with her grief by returning to normal life and she herself might be seeing or feeling the absurdity and over reaction of her attitude. Her husband's continuous trying and effort that have been added by him indicate that his love, kindness, generosity reasonableness brings her to life back and helps him get rid of the excess of grief.The poem shows Frost's excellence and his style of writing that has been   proved through this poem.
                                               Reginald Cook :The person also agrees and according to him this poem is a great drama of "Social adjustment in human relationship" It explores human relationship. The bond between husband and wife is the basic human relationship. This poem shows how with circumstance, relationship reaches to breaking point and adjustment has to be arrived through self expression.
                     Confusions and conflicts in human relationship :                    Human relations are very complicated to understand.Wife :   you - oh, you think the talk is all. I must go somewhere out of this house. How can I make you -Husband : Where do you mean to go ? I'll follow and bring you back by force. I will - 'The wife cannot really leave, the husband cannot maker her stay. They must continue to live together in spite of everything and adjustment must be brought. Adjustment is possible through self expression.
                                          Complexity with meaning :Frost's little details take us to unusual meaning. The sight of graveyard. "So small the window frames the whole of it."  Stains of mud on the man's shoes have  significance to the woman and  it is horrifying because it is matter of fact." Mother's grief gives universal of two windens into a study of husband - wife or man and woman of life and death relationship.Universal Issues :  “A man must partly give up being man with women-folk. We could have made arrangements. By which I'd bind myself to keep hands off anything special you are mind to name. Through I don't like such things' twist those that love. Two that don't love can't live together without them”.
                                                Amy Stop Lowell :Any Lowell says that the language used by husband is simple and straight forward.                                               Annotations :"So small the windows frame the whole of at."The entire graveyard could be seen brought the window. The graveyard is small, not larger than a bedroom".He said twice over - he repeated to himself twice before expressed in words.Let me into your grief - let me share in your grief.Mother -loss of a first child - the way a mother takes the idea her first born child.Self-expression brings people close r  to their soul and it also brings relief. In Frost's view communication between people remark misunderstanding and brings them together."She was opening the door “ wider  Closed.”.  This symbolizes that the wife can't leave and husband can't make her convinced of his own views. They must do a kind of adjustments marriage is a continuing relationship and home must not be given up.Frost writes in sense of emotional and practical. Two tragedies are there : The death of a child and the collapse of a marriage. It is about human grief but it seems to be about the limits of communication and breakdown. The wife remarks that most people make only pretense that most people make only pretense of following loved one to the grave, but in truth they are not sad and they make the best way back to life. She is different. She will not turn from the grave back to the living world. It is "the world's evil". She declares on the other hand husband grieved. Time has passed, he had to move on. The outer indications of his grief were different from his wife. This shows universality that woman so innocent. Sometimes overreacts at the time of 'move on' and man is capable enough to.It shows universal notional. The woman misunderstands the man's action. To her, the act of burying the child was indifference, while to him, it must have been one kind of suffering an attempt to convince him  through physical labor.She takes one step down the stairs, but it's a doubtful one. She is not sure-that she should have taken it. Personification is here normally, people are doubtful.Wife is in her place. She refuses her husband's help. If the husband is going to figure out what she is looking at, she won't help him. She lets him look where she had been gazing, and she herself is confident that he would not be able to see what she saw. The husband [The man] is called a "blind creature". The word blind refers to the man's perception, not his eyesight. The man is capable of seeing what to woman is afraid of. But she does not think much of his mental abilities.
                                      Opposites and Juxtaposition :"Fire and Ice" provides best notions of Frost's metaphysical state of bringing two opposite concepts together. In this lyric, two opposite ideas, have not only been juxtaposed but they have also been reconciled. Both are good for destruction. Fire symbolizes the intensity of passion or desire and Ice symbolizes the cold of hatred. It is a short lyric of nine lines in which the poet succeeds in showing concepts and opens vistas to the mind's eye. Lynen says, by linking of desire to fire and hate to Ice, human emotions are transformed into impersonal forces. The poem is extremely rich., One can find confusions and complexity of meaning in the paradoxes. For example.:  The intensity of man's passions which makes him human, creates inhumanity with intensity. Fire and Ice is a masterpiece of condensation. It's a prediction or speculation about the end of the world and the beginning of wisdom. It is an epigram, about speculation about world's ending and wisdom's beginning. The speaker speaks of  the age old question of whether the world's ending and wisdom's beginning.  It is connected to another old age question.: Whether it would be preferable to freeze the death or burn to death. The truth remains ambiguous and the whether it is more likely to be destroyed by fire or ice. The narrator considers his own experience with desire and passion. and   emotion of fire. Ice would be equally destructive. It shows a clear dechotomy between fire and ice two groups of people. Instead of using 'I' or 'an individual', frost has used "some".These two possibilities for the world's destruction correspond directly to a common scientific debate during the time Frost wrote the poem. Scientists were discussing this matter too. Instead of maintaining this scientific perspective, Frost introduces emotional side - associating desire with fire and hatred with Ice. Too much fire and passion for desire consume / destroy the relationship. While cold indifference, hate can be equally destructive. The speaker is speaking of things in human nature, arouse terror but he will not surrender to emotional outbursts. The speaker does not speak of his personal emotions, yet the consciousness of experience seems to be felt. The emotion is felt but its expression is controlled or restrained. Theme is destruction of human passions (love and hatred) internal end of the world. through the power of love or hate destroys  human beings and they destroy one another.Fire stands for intensity, passion desire and the speaker seems to have experienced it with romantic desire and it has taught him passionate intensity of love, emotions like just, love. It has the power to turn the earth into a big Fireball. Fire stands for "hot emotions". But the speaker seems to have experienced other extreme power and he knows that colder emotions like hate and it has destructive power too. Love gets all the publicity but hate is the silent killer. If we having  fight with one of our friends and get angry that we beat him so hard that is fire. But if we feel disregard for one of our enemies and make plan for their downfall that is ice. 'Fire' and 'Ice' are little words but they have a huge meaning. It is like choice whether Fire or Ice. Which fore will bring the end of this world ?  Love is connected with desire. It has many sides like affection commitments.



                                                    Patriotism  :The gift Outright is a patriotic poem. It is a history of the United States in sixteen lines. The love of country is not expressed in hysterical flag - waving but in salvation of faith, in surrender to the land.Such as she was, such as she would become.The poem tells about the history of American people and  their struggle against foreign domination or their identification with country through self surrender. It has been a source of inspiration to all patriotic Americans. It was published in A witness Tree in 1942.The lyric begins with an account of the coming of the British colonists in America. For more than a hundred years. They occupied the land as colonials and called it their colony. They still considered England as their motherland. They did not have true genuine patriotic feeling For the land. They did not feel they belonged to her. They did not feel that they were her sons, inhabitants but they had a sense of possession. They lacked that true sense of belongingness. Possessing what we were still unpossessed by and possessed by what we now no more possessed.The feeling of patriotism is expressed through these lines. Colonizers blame that the land theirs, colony theirs but that true love and that feeling of patriotism did not possess that soul. They lack real love and affection. This made them weak and ineffective.The narrator describes America's history as a nation from the time of the European colonists. The colonists could not create a national identity from it because they were still tied to England.They were denying their beliefs in freedom by embracing the lessons of the land. were able to establish an American identity. In order to accept this gift of identity, the people had to commit many acts, of war and mark the land as their own, but the end result was truly American land. "The Gift outright" received special attention when Frost recited it at the inauguration of president John F Kennedy, January 20, 1961 Their love, surrender to the noble capable of great achievement. This was their gift outright that enriched their lives with courage, devotion, determination. They could achieve the war of independence. It was the love of their motherland, which  help them discover country in her virgin simplicity and glory. They are inhabitants of a virgin land, which is artless, unstoried,  and   unenhanced. But they love it as she is, they would continue to love it. In future, also they would love when she grows over her in course of time, will not affect their love. The colonists in America struggled to be one with the land because of their ties to England. As years passed, they were able to establish their identities As Americans because their efforts to build a land, was not based on traditions of Europe.Frost repeats the term "ours" many a times in the text but forces that the 'we' of the poem is the white settlers from Europe, rather than the original 'owners' of the land; the Native Americans.Frost prefers to ignore the conflict between the old world and the new world or the European world of tradition and oppression and the new American world of identity or   freedom.It shows the development of American culture from colonial times to more present perspective. It is about American story of colonialism, Freedom and expansion. American supported growth development of country and culture as well.The identity of America, which is main thing in the poem is very different from the contemporary understanding of the American identity as an amalgamation of different culture.The First line of  'The Gift Outright' reads the land was ours before we were the lands. There Frost shows the idea, of apparent, visible manifest destiny. The American land was ordained by God for the American people. Fate endowed the land with its outright citizens.
                                            Nature's Hostility  :Philosophy of nature that Frost gave is different from  that of thing or does something good for mankind. Nature is indifferent. He finds sinister and hostile something that lurks into the apparent calm beauty of nature. Nature is alien. Man struggles for survival. Nature's bleakness emphasizes   human loneliness.